Weinberger,+L.+N.

  Wienberger, N. M. "“The Mozart Effect”: A Small Part of the Big Picture." //University of Claifornia// IIV.1 (2000): n.pag. Web. 15 Sep. 2010. <[] >.


 *  “Studies have shown that music learning and practice also benefit many mental and behavioral processes, including cognitive development, language learning, reading ability, creativity, motor skills, and personal and social adjustment."
 *  " In contrast to these effects of continual involvement in music, merely brief exposure to some music of Mozart is thought by the public to increase intelligence.”


 *  “Studies have shown that music education and music-making have positive effects on many mental and behavioral factors that are themselves not part of music.”


 *  “The mass media have played a major role in starting and maintaining public excitement about the Mozart Effect. Reports have been sensationalized and oversimplified. However, the continued and even growing belief that a few minutes of Mozart improves intelligence also requires a public that is too ready to accept simplistic solutions to complex problems. A couple of examples are relevant.”


 *  “Naturally, the Mozart Effect reports also stirred interest in the scientific community. The first attempt to replicate the Effect, published in 1994 by Stough and colleagues in New Zealand, failed to find an effect."
 *  However they used a different test than did Rauscher and colleagues. [|6] This was quickly followed by two more failures to find the Mozart Effect. [|7] However, both of these studies also used tests that were different from those used by Rauscher and colleagues, who have argued that the tests used don’t actually measure S/T abilities."
 * [|8] Steele and colleagues also failed to find a Mozart Effect but tested short-term memory rather than S/T processes. [|9] As Rauscher et al had specifically found no effect on memory in their 1995 paper, this failure was not surprising.”


 *  “A recent experiment did replicate the Mozart Effect, but with an interesting twist. Nantais and Schellenberg first replicated the Mozart Effect, both with the Mozart sonata and also a piano piece by Schubert, compared to a condition of silence. Next, they ran an experiment comparing Mozart or Schubert to listening to a story. "
 *  "The Mozart Effect was found only for those students who preferred Mozart to the story”


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> “The Mozart Effect requires only 10 minutes of exposure (not necessarily even attentive listening) to music”


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> “Music is wrongly considered to be mere entertainment and often regarded as an educational frill. However, research has shown that humans are born with musical capabilities, so music is part of human nature. "
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> "This is particularly evident in research that has shown how the human brain processes music. Recently, neuroscientists have discovered an area in the brain that is devoted to reading music scores.”

<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;">
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> “T. Nakada and his co-workers at the University of California and the Niigata Brain Research Institute in Japan applied brain-imaging techniques to people who could read a musical score."
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> " They compared brain activity during score reading and also during reading language. Reporting in the journal NeuroReport (1998), Nakada and colleagues found regions of the brain that were involved in both types of reading. However, most importantly, they also discovered a brain area that was activated only during reading musical scores."
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> " This is near the visual part of the brain in the right hemisphere. The findings reveal that the human brain is specialized for music and therefore the human brain is a “musical brain”.”